Anaerobic co-metabolic biodegradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products driven by glycerol fermentation.

Anaerobic digestion in two sequential phases, acidogenesis and methanogenesis, has been shown to be beneficial for enhancing the biomethane generation from wastewater. In this work, the application of glycerol (GOH) as a fermentation co-substrate during the wastewater treatment was evaluated on the biodegradation of different pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). GOH co-digestion during acidogenesis led to a significant increase in the biodegradation of acetaminophen (from 78 to 89%), ciprofloxacin (from 25 to 46%), naproxen (from 73 to 86%), diclofenac (from 36 to 48%), ibuprofen (from 65 to 88%), metoprolol (from 45 to 59%), methylparaben (from 64 to 78%) and propylparaben (from 68 to 74%). The heterotrophic co-metabolism of PPCPs driven by glycerol was confirmed by the biodegradation kinetics, in which kbio (biodegradation kinetics constant) values increased from 0.18 to 2.11 to 0.27-3.60 L g-1-VSS d-1, for the operational phases without and with GOH, respectively. The assessment of metabolic pathways in each phase revealed that the prevalence of aromatic compounds degradation, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and benzoate degradation routes during acidogenesis are key factors for the enzymatic mechanisms linked to the PPCPs co-metabolism. The phase separation of anaerobic digestion was effective in the PPCPs biodegradation, and the co-fermentation of glycerol provided an increase in the generation potential of biomethane in the system (energetic potential of 5.0 and 6.3 kJ g-1-CODremoved, without and with GOH, respectively). This study showed evidence that glycerol co-fermentation can exert a synergistic effect on the PPCPs removal during anaerobic digestion mediated by heterotrophic co-metabolism.

Polymer-Matrix Composites: Characterising the Impact of Environmental Factors on Their Lifetime.

Polymer-matrix composites are widely used in engineering applications. Yet, environmental factors impact their macroscale fatigue and creep performances significantly, owing to several mechanisms acting at the microstructure level. Herein, we analyse the effects of water uptake that are responsible for swelling and, over time and in enough quantity, for hydrolysis. Seawater, due to a combination of high salinity and pressures, low temperature and biotic media present, also contributes to the acceleration of fatigue and creep damage. Similarly, other liquid corrosive agents penetrate into cracks induced by cyclic loading and cause dissolution of the resin and breakage of interfacial bonds. UV radiation either increases the crosslinking density or scissions chains, embrittling the surface layer of a given matrix. Temperature cycles close to the glass transition damage the fibre-matrix interface, promoting microcracking and hindering fatigue and creep performance. The microbial and enzymatic degradation of biopolymers is also studied, with the former responsible for metabolising specific matrices and changing their microstructure and/or chemical composition. The impact of these environmental factors is detailed for epoxy, vinyl ester and polyester (thermoset); polypropylene, polyamide and poly etheretherketone (thermoplastic); and for poly lactic acid, thermoplastic starch and polyhydroxyalkanoates (biopolymers). Overall, the environmental factors mentioned hamper the fatigue and creep performances, altering the mechanical properties of the composite or causing stress concentrations through microcracks, promoting earlier failure. Future studies should focus on other matrices beyond epoxy as well as on the development of standardised testing methods.

Enhanced biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal from sewage driven by fermented glycerol: comparative assessment between sequencing batch- and continuously fed-structured fixed bed reactor.

The nutrient biological removal from sewage, especially from anaerobic reactor effluents, still represents a major challenge in conventional sewage treatment plants. In this work, the nitrogen and phosphorus removal from anaerobic pre-treated domestic sewage in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was assessed in a structured fixed bed reactor (SFBR) operated in a continuous and in a batch mode using polyurethane foam as material support for biomass and fermented glycerol as the exogenous carbon source. The SFBR was operated as a sequencing batch reactor with cycles of 90, 120, and 150 min under anaerobic, oxic, and anoxic conditions, respectively, reaching average efficiencies for total nitrogen and phosphorus removal of 88% and 56%, respectively. Fermented glycerol was added during the non-aerated periods. Under continuous feeding, the SFBR was operated with aeration/non-aeration periods of 2/1 (h) and 3/1 (h), hydraulic retention time of 12 h, and a recirculation ratio of 3. Without fermented glycerol addition, the maximum removal of total nitrogen (TN) reached 42%, while adding glycerol in the non-aerated period improved TN removal to 64.9% (2/1 h) and 69.5% (3/1 h). During continuous operation, no phosphorus removal was observed, which was released during the non-aerated period, remaining in the effluent. Optical microscopy analyses confirmed the presence of polyphosphate granules and of the phosphorus accumulating organisms in the reactor biofilm. It was concluded that the batch feeding method was determinant for phosphorus removal. The structured fixed bed reactor with polyurethane foam proved to be feasible in the removal of organic matter and nutrients remaining in the UASB reactor effluent.

Two-phase (acidogenic-methanogenic) anaerobic fixed bed biofilm reactor enhances the biological domestic sewage treatment: Perspectives for recovering bioenergy and value-added by-products.

The organic matter bioconversion into methane during anaerobic digestion (AD) comprises different steps, the acidogenic and methanogenic phases being clearly distinct in terms of metabolic activities. In this work, new configurations of anaerobic fixed bed biofilm reactors (AFBBR) were operated under conventional methanogenic conditions (single phase - SP-AFBBR, M1R), and in a sequential two-phase system, acidogenic reactor followed by methanogenic reactor (TP-AFBBR, AcR + M2R), in order to verify the impact of the AD phase separation on the overall system performance in operational, kinetics and microbiological aspects. The results indicated that feeding the methanogenic reactor with the acidogenic effluent stream provided a shorter operating start-up period (11 and 32 days for SP and TP-AFBBR, respectively), a greater alkalinity generation (0.14 and 0.41 g-CaCO3·g-CODremoved-1 for M1R and M2R, respectively), and the optimization of biomethane production (methane yield of 95 and 154 N-mLCH4·g-CODremoved-1 for M1R and M2R, respectively). The COD removal kinetics was also favored in the TP-AFBBR (k1-COD = 1.4 and 2.9 h-1 for M1R and M2R, respectively), since the soluble fermentation products were readily bioavailable to the biomass in the reactor. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was the predominant pathway in the M2R, while the Methanosaeta-driven acetoclastic pathway predominated in the M1R. The greater diversity of Bacteria and Archaea in M2R denotes a better balance between the species that degrade volatile organic acids from AcR (i.e. Syntrophorhabdus, Syntrophus and Syntrophobacter) and the hydrogenotrophic methanogens (Methanoregula, Methanolinea and Methanospirillum) that consume the biodegradation products. The estimated bioenergy generation potential (range of 0.39-0.64 kWh·m-3-sewage considering the COD removed) for full-scale TP-sewage treatment plants evidences the feasibility of energetic recovery in the domestic sewage anaerobic treatment.

First description of a multisystemic and lethal SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern P.1 (Gamma) infection in a FeLV-positive cat.

BACKGROUND: Phylogenetic studies indicate bats as original hosts of SARS-CoV-2. However, it remains unclear whether other animals, including pets, are crucial in the spread and maintenance of COVID-19 worldwide. METHODS: In this study, we analyzed the first fatal case of a SARS-CoV-2 and FeLV co-infection in an eight-year-old male cat. We carried out a clinical evaluation and several laboratory analyses. RESULTS: As main results, we observed an animal presenting severe acute respiratory syndrome and lesions in several organs, which led to the animal's death. RT-qPCR analysis showed a SARS-CoV-2 as the causative agent. The virus was detected in several organs, indicating a multisystemic infection. The virus was found in a high load in the trachea, suggesting that the animal may have contribute to the transmission of the virus. The whole-genome sequencing revealed an infection by SARS-CoV-2 Gamma VOC (P.1), and any mutations indicating host adaptation were observed. CONCLUSION: Our data show that FeLV-positive cats are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and raise questions about the potential of immunocompromised FeLV-positive cats to act as a reservoir for SARS-CoV-2 new variants.

Spray volumes for agrochemicals applied to soybean and wheat crops

The question of the spray volume for applying agrochemicals to plants has and still demands studies to continuously search for guiding parameters for technicians due to the several variables involving application technology. This experiment aimed to determine the best spray volume for applying pesticides with a boom sprayer to soybean (Glycine max) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) crops. The experiment had a completely randomized blocks design with five treatments and five replications. In soybean (crop year 2011/12), the treatments were the control (no pesticide application) and spray volume applications of 50, 100, 150, and 200 L ha-1. For wheat (crop year 2012), the treatments were the control and spray volumes of 75, 100, 125, and 150 L ha-1. The variables analyzed were the yield components. The study concluded the need for applying foliar fertilizers and performing the chemical control of diseases and pests in soybean and wheat crops. The spray volumes of 50 L ha-1 for soybeans and 75 L ha-1 for wheat were satisfactory for spraying agrochemicals with a ground bar sprayer on plants.

Associations of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes and related risk factors in a cohort of women living with HIV in a Brazilian countryside city.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with cervical abnormalities. People living with HIV are more susceptible to HPV. Campos dos Goytacazes implemented the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV) for women living with HIV (WLWH) in 2011, 4 years before the Brazilian public vaccination program. We aimed to characterize the genomic diversity and predictors of HPV infection in WLWH through a prospective cohort study. After the consent form was received, a questionnaire was applied and an endocervical sample was collected. For genotyping, a microarray HPV technique was performed. Two intervention moments were performed: T1, the initial moment, with collection and vaccination; T2 moment, 2 years after T1. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. The T1 moment cohort was formed by 146 women,107 belonging to Group 1(HPV-negative) and 39 to Group 2 (HPV-positive). The variables age, marital status, number of children, number of sexual partners, and CD4 count were protective against HPV. The variables number of sexual partners, marital status, and the number of children lost significance in multivariate analysis. Concerning T2 moment, 42 patients were followed with three positive cases. The use of 4vHPV is beneficial for this population and should also be recommended at an age from 26 to 45 years inside the public vaccination program.

Síndrome DRESS secundária ao uso de alopurinol: um relato de caso / DRESS syndrome secondary to the use of allopurinol: a case report

A Síndrome de DRESS (do inglês, Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms) é uma patologia rara que consiste em uma severa reação medicamentosa mediada por células T. O presente relato de caso retrata uma paciente do sexo feminino, 59 anos, que apresentou icterícia, febre não termometrada, acolia, colúria, mialgia, placas hipercrômicas e lesões pruriginosas. Referiu uso recente de alopurinol, paracetamol e nimesulida, apresentando melhora importante e espontânea após a suspensão das medicações. A extensão do tempo de exposição ao medicamento agressor ocasiona um maior período de internação e risco de mortalidade. Além disso, os dados restritos sobre a Síndrome de DRESS impõe desafios ao seu diagnóstico. Sendo assim, este estudo busca destacar a importância do diagnóstico clínico precoce, a suspensão do medicamento agressor e a instituição da terapêutica adequada para um prognóstico favorável

The Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) Syndrome is a rare pathology that consists of a severe drug reaction mediated by T cells. The present case report depicts a female patient, 59 years old, who presented jaundice, non thermometered fever, acholia, choluria, myalgia, hyperchromic plaques and pruritic lesions. She mentioned recent use of allopurinol, paracetamol and nimesulide, showing significant and spontaneous improvement after discontinuation of medications. The extension of time of exposure to the offending drug causes a longer period of hospitalization and risk of mortality. In addition, the restricted data on DRESS Syndrome poses challenges to its diagnosis. Therefore, this study seeks to highlight the importance of early clinical diagnosis, suspension of the offending drug and the institution of appropriate therapy for a favorable prognosis

Influence of organic loading rate on ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole biodegradation in anaerobic fixed bed biofilm reactors.

Antibiotic compounds, notably sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and ciprofloxacin (CIP), are ubiquitous emerging contaminants (ECs), which are often found in domestic sewage. They are associated with the development of antimicrobial resistance. Operational parameters, e.g. organic loading rate (OLR), hydraulic retention time (HRT) and sludge retention time, may influence EC biodegradation in wastewater treatment plants. This study assessed the impact of the OLR variation on the biodegradation of CIP and SMX, applying two configurations of anaerobic fixed bed reactors: anaerobic packed bed biofilm reactor (APBBR) and anaerobic structured bed biofilm reactor (ASBBR). A significant reduction in the biodegradation of SMX (APBBR: 93-69%; ASBBR: 94-81%) and CIP (APBBR: 85-66%; ASBBR: 85-64%) was observed increasing OLR from 0.6 to 2.0 kgCOD m-3 d-1. The decrease in the HRT from 12 to 4 h resulted in higher liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient (APBBR: ks from 0.01 to 0.05 cm h-1; ASBBR: ks from 0.07 to 0.24 cm h-1), but this was not enough to overcome the decrease in the antibiotic-biomass contact time on biofilm, thus reducing the bioreactors' performance. The ASBBR favored biomethane production (from 7 to 17 mLCH4 g-1VSS L-1 d-1) and biodegradation kinetics (kbio from 1.7 to 4.2 and for SMX and from 2.1 to 4.8 L g-1VSS d-1 for CIP) due to the higher relative abundance of the archaea community in the biofilm and the lower liquid-phase mass transfer resistance in the structured bed. CIP and SMX cometabolic biodegradation was associated to the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis (mainly Methanobacterium genus) in co-culture with fermentative bacteria (notably the genera Clostridium, Bacillus, Lactivibrio, Syntrophobacter and Syntrophorhabdus). The anaerobic fixed bed biofilm reactors proved to be highly efficient in biodegrading the antibiotics, preventing them from spreading to the environment.

Acidogenesis is a key step in the anaerobic biotransformation of organic micropollutants.

Understanding the role of the different anaerobic digestion stages on the removal of organic micropollutants (OMPs) is essential to mitigate their release from wastewater treatment plants. This study assessed the fate of 21 OMPs during hydrolysis and acidogenesis to elucidate the contribution of these stages to the overall anaerobic removal. Moreover, the removal mechanisms and factors influencing them were investigated. To this purpose, a fermentation reactor was operated and fed with two different substrates: starch (to jointly evaluate hydrolysis and acidogenesis) and glucose (to isolate acidogenesis). Results indicate that sulfamethoxazole was highly biotransformed (>80 %), while galaxolide, celestolide, tonalide, erythromycin, roxithromycin, trimethoprim, octylphenol and nonylphenol achieved a 50-80 % biotransformation. Since no significant differences in the biotransformation efficiencies were found between starch and glucose fermentation, it is stated that the enzymatic activities involved in starch hydrolysis do not significantly contribute to the cometabolic biotransformation of OMPs, while acidogenesis appears as the major player. Moreover, a higher biotransformation (≥15 percentage points and p ≤ 0.05) was found for galaxolide, celestolide, tonalide, erythromycin and roxithromycin during acidogenesis in comparison with the efficiencies reported for the acetogenic/methanogenic step. The biotransformation of some OMPs was explained considering their chemical structure and the enzymatic activities.

Effect of exercise on endothelial function in heart transplant recipients: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Endothelial dysfunction is associated with increased cardiovascular risk and death in heart transplant recipients (HTx). Although the measurement of peripheral endothelial function is considered a significant predictor of cardiovascular events in several populations, few studies have investigated this outcome after therapeutic strategies, including different exercise types, duration, and intensity. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of continuous moderate exercise (CON) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to improve endothelial function (EF) in HTx. The search was conducted in Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science and Scopus/Elsevier, CINAHL/Ebsco, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), LILACS/BIREME, and SciELO databases. Quality of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE). The search strategy retrieved 5192 titles. A total of four articles met the inclusion criteria and were included for the qualitative analysis. Meta-analysis showed that exercises improved EF ([mean difference-MD] 3.48 95% CI - 0.29 to 7.25, p = 0.007) when compared with the control. However, there was a poor quality of evidence to demonstrate that CON or HIIT is better than usual care to improve EF. Exercise training provides benefits to patients, but the poor quality of evidence does not allow us to state that exercise is related to endothelial function improvement in HTx.

Antimicrobial modulator of inflammatory response in third molar surgery compared with conventional medication

Surgeries performed in retained third molars occur in the contaminated field, bringing post-operative problems such as pain, bleeding, discomfort, swelling, infection, trismus, and inactive days. This study evaluated the differences between conventional medication and topical doxycycline in third molar surgery. Twenty-eight patients were selected requiring removal of four third molar. Half of the mouth was randomly selected to undergo surgery with the use of conventional medication (analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial) and after 25-30 days, the other half of the mouth was subjected to surgery using doxycycline delivered through gel nanotubes. The results showed that in both treatments there was no clinical infection. The other evaluations were significantly lower in relation to pain, bleeding, edema, inactive days, trismus, and discomfort when compared with conventional therapy.

Feasibility of anaerobic packed and structured-bed reactors for sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin removal from domestic sewage.

This study assessed the applicability of fixed bed bioreactors in two configurations - anaerobic structured bed reactor (ASBR) and anaerobic packed bed reactor (APBR) - in the removal of Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and Ciprofloxacin (CIP), two antibiotics frequently detected in sanitary sewage. The problem of these pharmaceuticals as emerging contaminants in conventional sewage treatment systems is mainly because they encourage the development and spread of resistance genes in bacteria. Both reactors had similar performances, and the antibiotics were highly removed - APBR: 85 ±â€¯10% for SMX and 81 ±â€¯16% for CIP; ASBR: 83 ±â€¯12% for SMX and 81 ±â€¯15% for CIP. The ASBR showed to be potentially more feasible in operating and economic terms compared to the APBR, as the former presents a smaller amount of support material in the bed. SMX was completely biotransformed, while the influence of the sorption mechanism was observed for CIP, as its presence was detected sorbed onto biomass throughout the reaction bed of the reactors, with a partition coefficient (log KD) of around 2.8 L·kg-1TSS. The degradation kinetics of the pharmaceuticals were fitted using a first-order kinetic model, whereby the reactors behaved as plug flow ones, indicating the possibility of optimizing the operation for a hydraulic retention time of 6 h. The removal kinetics was more favorable for CIP (higher apparent constant kinetic - kCIPapp > kSMXapp), since its biodegradation is linked to the biomass, which is more concentrated in the bed bottom layer. The experimental results showed the potential of anaerobic fixed bed reactors in removing environmentally relevant concentrations of SMX and CIP found in sewage.

Reabilitação funcional e estética do sorriso û relato de caso / Functional and aesthetic rehabilitation of smile û case report

A constante busca por tratamentos odontológicos estéticos e por um sorriso bonito e harmônico é o que a maioria das pessoas almeja, o que contribui para a realização de procedimentos restauradores que possibilitem mimetização do natural para atingir as expectativas e necessidades dos pacientes. A presença de diastemas pode resultar em problemas funcionais e estéticos. Sendo assim, o presente caso clínico relata reabilitação de um extenso diastema entre os incisivos centrais superiores, após intervenção cirúrgica para remoção do freio labial e clareamento dental. Foram realizadas restaurações diretas minimamente invasivas nos dentes anteriores, com resina composta nanoparticulada. O acabamento e polimento foram realizados de forma a evidenciar anatomia e textura de superfície dos dentes. Em conclusão, o tratamento realizado utilizou materiais com comportamento biomecânico favorável, estabelecendo função, harmonia do sorriso e resultado estético satisfatório...

The constant search for dental aesthetic treatments in order to achieve a nice and harmonic smile has contributed to the development of restorative procedures enabling mimicry of natural teeth to meet expectations and needs of patients. The presence of diastemas can result in functional and aesthetic problems. Therefore, the present clinical case reports rehabilitation of a large diastema between the maxillary central incisors, after surgery for removal of labial frenum and tooth bleaching. Minimally invasive direct restorations were performed in anterior teeth with nanofilled composite resin. Finishing and polishing were done in order to demonstrate anatomy and surface texture of the teeth. In conclusion, the treatment used materials with biomechanical behavior, setting function, harmony of the smile and satisfactory aesthetic result...

Parâmetros ventilométricos e hemogasométricos em cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia, pré-medicadas com tramadol ou morfina e anestesiadas com isofluorano / Ventilometric parameters and arterial blood gases in bitches undergoingovariohisterectomy, pre-medicated with morphine or tramadol and anesthetized with isoflurane

Avaliaram-se os efeitos nos parâmetros ventilométricos e hemogasométricos em cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia (OHE),pré-medicadas com tramadol ou morfina e anestesiadas com isofluorano. Utilizaram-se 12 cadelas sem raça definida (SRD), divididasem dois grupos (n= 6 para cada grupo), todas com indução anestésica com propofol e manutenção com isofluorano em O2 a 100%, sendo que a diferença entre os grupos se deu pela pré-medicação com tramadol (GT – 4mg/kg IM) ou morfina (GM – 0,4 mg/kg IM). As observações das variáveis iniciaram-se 30 minutos após a administração do bolus de propofol (M0). As demais colheitas dos dados foram realizadas em intervalos de 15 minutos, por um período de 60 minutos (M15, M30, M45 e M60, respectivamente). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos ou momentos para as variáveis hemogasométricas, entretanto, as médias de pH, déficit de base (DB) e pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono no sangue arterial (PaCO2) ficaram fora da faixa normal para a espécie canina. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas para as variáveis: volume corrente (GM > GT de M0 a M60), pico de fluxo inspiratório e expiratório (GM > GT) e pressão de pico inspiratório, sendo que GM foi maior que GT em M0.Concluiu-se que ambos os opioides são seguros, não causando alterações importantes na ventilometria quando utilizados na pré-medicação em cadelas anestesiadas com isofluorano e submetidas à OHE, porém, a anestesia inalatória com isofluorano deve ser utilizada com cautela em animais com propensão à acidemia.

We evaluated the effects on blood gas and ventilometric parameters in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OHE), pre-medicatedwith morphine or tramadol and anesthetized with isoflurane. We used 12 mongrel dogs, distributed into two groups (n = 6 foreach group), all with induction of anesthesia with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in 100% O2, and the difference betweengroups was given by premedication with tramadol (GT - 4mg/kg IM) or morphine (GM - 0.4 mg / kg IM). The measurement of allvariables was performed 30 minutes after propofol bolus (M0), and then, in intervals of 15 minutes, during 60 minutes (M15, M30,M45 and M60). No significant differences were found between groups or times for the gas variables, however pH, PaCO2 and DBwere outside the normal range for dogs. Significant differences were found for the variables: tidal volume (GM> GT M0 to M60),peak inspiratory and expiratory flow (GM> GT) and peak inspiratory pressure (GM was higher than GT in M0). It was concludedthat both opioids are safe and will not cause major changes in ventilometry when used in premedication in dogs anesthetized withisoflurane and submitted to OHE, however, inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane should be used with caution in animals with atendency to acidemia.

Preemptive analgesia of dexamethasone as compared to ketorolac tromethamine in simple tooth extractions / Analgesia preemptiva da dexametasona em relação ao cetorolaco de trometamol em extrações dentárias simples

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Understanding that pain is the most important postoperative problem, in face to the need of establishing a therapeutic protocol to control post-tooth extraction pain and due to few studies comparing these drugs is that our study is justified. This study aimed at evaluating and at comparing the preemptive analgesic effect of two drugs, both administered in bolus. METHODS: This is an experimental research as from a clinical trial with human beings. It is a double-blind, crossover and randomized trial with 51 patients seen by the Oral Surgery Ambulatory of the Dentistry Department, Federal University of Sergipe (DOD/UFS), between September 2011 and September 2012, who needed simple alveolar extractions in different hemiarcades, using dexamethasone (4mg) or ketorolac tromethamine (10mg), one hour before surgery distinctively. Pain was evaluated in the first 24 and 48 hours with the visual analog scale. The interval of eight days was established between extractions. RESULTS: There have been no statistically significant differences by Fisher (p>0.05) and Friedman (p>0.05) Exact tests, or between drugs (considering a same period) or between periods (considering the same drug). CONCLUSION: There are no significant differences between drugs and observed periods. .

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Entendendo que a dor é o maior transtorno pós-operatório, diante da necessidade de estabelecer um protocolo terapêutico do seu controle pós-exodontias e dos poucos estudos comparando esses fármacos é que se justifica o trabalho. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar o efeito analgésico preemptivo de dois fármacos, ambos administrados em dose única. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa tem caráter experimental a partir de um ensaio clínico com seres humanos. Trata-se de um estudo duplamente encoberto, cruzado e randomizado, com 51 pacientes atendidos no Ambulatório de Cirurgia Oral do Departamento de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (DOD/UFS), entre setembro de 2011 e setembro de 2012, que necessitaram de extrações simples por via alveolar em hemiarcadas diferentes utilizando dexametasona (4mg) e cetorolaco de trometamol (10mg), uma hora antes da cirurgia distintamente. A dor foi avaliada nas primeiras 24 e 48h, com o uso da escala analógica visual. O intervalo de 8 dias foi estabelecido entre as exodontias. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes no teste Exato de Fisher (p>0,05) e Friedman (p>0,05), nem entre os fármacos (considerando um mesmo período) nem entre os períodos (considerando o mesmo fármaco). CONCLUSÃO: Não existem diferenças significativas entre os fármacos e os períodos observados. .

Efectos de la hipotermia moderada en los niveles de glucemia de caninos / Efeitos da hipotermia moderada nas concentrações de glicemia de caninos

Con el objetivo de evaluar las variaciones de la glucemia en caninos sometidos a hipotermia moderada se utilizaron ocho canes adultos, anestesiados con etomidato e isofluorano y sometidos a tres franjas de temperatura: 32-33°C, 34-35°C y normotermia 38,5± 1°C, durante 150 min. La glucosa sérica de estos animales fue evaluada en el periodo basal y cada 30 min durante el periodo experimental. La glucemia fue mayor durante los 60, 90 y 120 min, comparada con las concentraciones basales; fue similar en las franjas de temperatura estudiadas y se mantuvo siempre dentro de los rangos para la especie. La aplicación de hipotermia moderada no altera las concentraciones de glucosa, lo que se constituye en un aspecto relevante en la neuroprotección.

Effects of Moderate Hypothermia in Canine Blood Glucose Concentrations.

With the purpose of evaluating variations in the blood glucose of dogs subjected to moderate hypothermia, eight adult dogs were used, anesthetized with etomidate and isoflurane and subjected to three temperature ranges: 32-33°C, 34-35°C and 38.5 ± 1°C normothermia for 150 minutes. The serum glucose of these animals was assessed at baseline and every 30 min during the experimental period. Blood glucose was higher during 60, 90 and 120 min, compared with basal concentrations; it was similar in the temperature ranges studied and was always within the range for the species. The application of moderate hypothermia does not alter glucose concentrations, which constitutes an important aspect in neuroprotection.

Com o objetivo de avaliar as variações da glicemia em caninos submetidos à hipotermia moderada, se utilizaram oito cães adultos, anestesiados com etomidato e isoflurano e submetidos a três franjas de temperatura: 32-33°C, 34-35°C e normotermia 38,5± 1°C, durante 150 min. A glucose sérica destes animais foi avaliada no período basal e a cada 30 minutos durante o período experimental. A glicemia foi maior durante os 60, 90 e 120 minutos comparada com as concentrações basais; foi similar nas faixas de temperatura estudadas e se manteve sempre dentro dos níveis para a espécie. A aplicação de hipotermia moderada não altera as concentrações de glucose, o que se constitui em um aspecto relevante na neuroproteção.